Means for the protection of electrical installations from excess voltages.



' G. CAMPUS.

MEANS FOR IL; :ROTEGTION OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS FROM EXCESS VOLTAGES.

' APPLICATION PKLED AUG. 12. 1910.

EL USQEAQW Patented July 30, 1912.

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- GL'I'EQ SAMI GE, E TEKILAN, TEAL upplication files August $.58,

CTRECALL lINSTl-MZLATION'S FROM "EXCESS specification oi l'ietters E'eteut To all whom it may concern I lle it known that l, GINO GAMIOS, electrical cnq ineer, subject of the l hnpeior of .fiustrizu. iurigur g residing at- Milsu, Italy, have invented certain new and useful improvements in Means for the Protection of Electrical Installations from Excess Volt of which the following is a speciiicw ticnq The present invention has for its ohjlect the protection of electrical installations rem excess rolteges which arise owing to surlrlen alterations of the electrical conditions in the concluctors, or which may result "Zrom alternating currents and oscillatory currents of high periorlicity and also from electrical w i'ronts whicl'i propagate th n'iselves (fill m along the conductor. All

gc phenomena may hare ieir origin ci ,r insi lc or outside the installation and he cause cl tor e rrzu'uple by atmospheric glischurges, h resonances between the various parts of the instellutiou, in normal operation or loy accidentally arising" phenomena in the retaliation itself.

Fhe object. oi. the present invention is to prevent the propugution oi": these excess Voltalong the conductors or electric lines by rimupiug; their c-iu 'iliturle upon their path by means oi a device iusertecl in series on which notably increases the quentl the loss or equivalent resistance encl i tl' v ii uses the loss of energy for alternating currents of high frequency- L lfiu u is or eel to (lamp without thereby sp iireciebl impeding the passage of the normal 'uoilring currents oi? the line.

i gnot ect. in cimjunction with these proporti. no part of the c erics is lccatcrl either between conductors oi? t e N comiuctors themselves 0 thetit may he. employee. 1 with :1 very high tension without str ug insulation between their several parts without longer oil shortcircuh up; or oil losses between the line wires. in uccorclsucc with the present invention these cts are attained by employing two or more electric circuits in parallel one with the other and inserted in series with the cousiclerell. couiuctor, Each of these cir- Petenterl July o, 1912.

isle. Serial No. 576,864l. cults comprises electric resistances inductances and capacities or only one or some of: these magnitudes so that. the equivalent ohmic resistances produced by these circuits as a whole increases, together with the frequency of the variable currents produced by the electrical excess voltages and conseof energy and the damping of the said currents increase. One of these arrangements which consists of four lengths of concluctor OAA/O, OBBO, OCCO, @DD'O arranged in parallel one with the other and in series with the line wire is illustrated by way of example in Figure wherzm m Z 0 for the length ()AAO', in; i 0 for the length OBBO, r Z; 0 for the length OQC'Q", T9 I 0 for the length ()DU'Urepresent the ohmic resistance, the inductance and the capacity.

At least one of the lengths "Fig. l. for example) (ODD'O' in should have an infinite tinuous conductor in order to present no, impediment to the passage of the working currents of the line. It all the lengths are continuously conoluctiug, that is to say when only the ohmic resistance r and the inductance Zhzwe to he considered, the system composed 0t these different lengths connected together in parallel is equivalent to a single conductor (the mathematical (lemonstratiou is a known one) which presents an equivalent ohmic resistance Lie??? Variable with the "frequency i islr -lc0 1 fili l-M9,. variable witli the trequencyin like msnfier. In Fig i'a special @336Wl'116ll lS treabove it should quently adequate is illustrated, that is tosay phenomenon of superficial flow or skii a system consisting or only two circuits etlect they may vary considerably. connected 1n parallel one with the other and By suitably selecting thevalue when nr in series with the line and in which one of negligible values are ascribed to the ohmu the circuits A comprises the self-induction Z together wi h negligible resistance, While the other circuit-B comprises an exclusively. ohmic resistance 7*. T is case the em ployment of the above formulas with only two lengths ing into account the hypotheses adopted for to the inductance B or tc both of them, a similar result to that of the present case can he obtained. The latter is also attainable when several circuits are connccted in parallel instead of two or when limited capacities as in Fig. 1 are inserted in some of them. Similarly it is possible to the -a er gives the value reach a zone of maximum cilect which a r plies to frequencies that are comprised be- R 2 tween given limit values.

l+ it he 0 mic resistance of the circuit B in ig. 2 or some of the circuits connected in for the equivalent resistance and Parallel in 1 y comprise the resist a once of one or more sparks when the con- L=mnim ductor is supposed to be roken up into one 1+ or more spark gaps; n wh ch case'the arrangement of Fig. 2 containing only two circuits in'parallel turns up into the example of Fig. 3, where two sparking gaps -sand -8 are shown and where the of the metallic lengths c0n+ the latter may be very l where the capacity of must be considered as possessing a limited value;

As appears from what has been stated, the arrangement described comprises no part in shunt cit er among the. various wires or conductors of the line or among these and t e earth; in point of fact h own in each figure with the device connected thereto. onsequently it is impossible with the said arrangearise in the device, circuiting among the line wires or with the earth to take place. In addition to this, the system which on the one hand meets the requirement of the free passage of the normal working current, and on the other hand dissipates the energy of the currents with high frequency and effectively clamps them for the equivalent inductance. From these equations it will be seen that with the increase of the frequency, and consequently of m the effective resistance R increases to the lue 1* while the effective inductance L decreases more and more. For example if Z=0.0005 henry and 9==1OO ohm We get:

For (s an-X R=0.000245 ohm, L -=0.0O05 henry By suitably selecting the values particular case it IS possiwhich possesses only and a very small ohmic frequencies (then also IOI' the normal frequencies if normally operalternating current), while for the higher frequencies caused by the electrical excess voltages or t-he sudden alterations in the electrical condition of the conductors it considerably greater equivalent and consequently produces a much greater loss of energy or damping of the electrical oscillations or alternations p gating themselves along the conductor. simultaneously owing to this arrangement as a whole the value of the equivalentim ductance diminishes at high frequencies, the value of the reflection of the electric waves or disturbances which reflection may cause interferences and increases of voltage) is relatively diminished. onsequently the storing of electromagnetic energy which might assist the propagation of the excess voltages in opposition to the action of the ohmic resistance is rendered more difiicult. In connection with what has been stated be noted that the values of r and Z should not be regarded as absolutely constant magnitudes as in the case of high frequencies especially owing to the known cient working or would reduce the security thereof. I

hat I claim and desire to secure by Let ters Patent of the United States is cans for protecting electrical installations from excess voltages, consisting of ance, on which said circuits are mounted in series, and means for increasino 'the equivalent ohmic resistance produced by the said circuils as a Whole whereby the equivalent resistance of the sys tem composed of the said circuits increases with the increase of the frequency of the the con-i only a single wire variable currents mising from the electrical excess vokzwgas ami consequently the loss of Energy mac the damping of the same currents along their path IBGIERSB wlthout 0pposing any appreciablejmpediment. to the.

passage: of the normal working currents of the installation,

ln testimony whereof I affix my signature 

